I am Raymundo Salas, a medical specialist in radiology, and to date, I have been investigating the images of these tridactyls — images that I personally accessed, which is the reason for this presentation. But the objectives we have set for ourselves are the following: first, to describe the tomographic findings, evaluate the state of conservation of systems and organs, diagnose any disease related to their death, estimate the age and sex, and demonstrate any alteration or artificial modification. Based on these five parameters, we will develop the topic.
First, we have the specimen called Wawita, which, as we see, is a small specimen, at first glance, its qualities jump out, such as the quite large skull. It has three toes on its feet and hands, the specimen is quite deteriorated, has sutures on the head, that is, it is a practically abnormal specimen, but what is striking are the three toes on the feet and three on the hands. Apparently, the orbits are large. In this specimen, we have seen that it has been eviscerated, we find no organs in both the thorax and in the abdominopelvic cavity. Consequently, we have to do a detailed study of the feet and hands, which is the motivation for this presentation.
Well, let's begin with the cranial volume. The volume also has a capacity of 1,050 cubic centimeters. This demonstrates that it is 19% more than the specimen of approximately six to eight months, where it is normally 850 cubic centimeters. So, we have that it is 19% more. This is a special slide to see the endocranian interior; in the endocranium we see that there are mummified remains of encephalic mass.
We go into detail with the hands. For me, it was a disappointment to carry out such a thorough examination of this, and we see that in the right hand, the first and fifth fingers are mutilated; only remains are left, and in the tomography, only three metacarpals are seen. In the left hand, the same thing has happened; the first and fifth fingers have been mutilated, as we can see in the slide. It has also been mutilated. In the feet, we find 5 metatarsals, but in which they are not complete. They have been modified or cut, the first and fifth metatarsal. In a lateral view, we observe the same thing, and the left foot has suffered the same consequences. The first and fifth metatarsal have been mutilated. In the images that we see lateral activated or so it is a confirmation that this specimen has been mutilated. The mutilation apparently has been for ritutal purposes. The conclusion that we can come to about this specimen is that for ritual purposes, it has been modified about approximately 750 years ago. That would be the conclusion as for Wawita, where the only thing that stands out is the large volume of the cranial capacity.
Armando Villanueva: A question Dr. Raymundo Salas. Is he a tridactyl being?
No it’s not a tridactyl. It was changed probably for ritual purposes as I said.
Armando Villanueva: It would have been changed before or after being discovered?
It does not seem like it was before, because the specimen is falling apart. I do not think that someone would dare to cut a finger because the whole moment falls apart.
Well, this is the most famous mummy after Tutankhamen. It is going to be the most famous. At first glance, we can see the most striking thing that is in the fetal position, observing three feet, three toes, and in the hands, we do not have. We have a general view of the skeleton, an elongated head. It does not have auricular pavilions. It also does not have hair, but we can see that all the large joints like the shoulder, pelvis, elbows, or ankles are intact, completely intact. So we also see the vertebral column in its entirety, with the ribs. There we can appreciate in the hand, this is a tridactyl being, and then we will go into detail to see if it has been modified. This is an image that shows that this has nipples; it has mammary glands, but logically, in the image due to the effects of gravity as it is in a seated position, the loose tissue, and we are left with that this would prove in favor of it being a female specimen. Indicated with an arrow, we see two nipples.
Next, another important characteristic in the feet is that it has linear horizontal fingerprints; they are not arched as we know normally. Next, let's start to describe this part of the skull, and we will divide it into the neurocranium and the splanchnocranium or facial skull. On the cranial box, we see that it possesses structures; there, we have the coronal suture, and the sagittal suture. Posteriorly, we see the occipital suture and laterally the temporal suture, so this specimen has sutures.
The cranial capacity has also been measured; it is 1,650 cubic centimeters. It is the same, about 19% more than normal, which is approximately 1,400 cubic centimeters. Next, this is a window to see how the remains of the brain that are still inside the cranial cavity have been modified next maybe in this the degree of preservation that if we put to the right side an image we see that in the center divides what is called the false brain that is a part of the dura mater. The dura mater is a very thin sheet that separates the left lobe from the right lobe, and separates at a half the brain from and the cerebellum.
There was also much talk of the face of the eyeballs; they said it was very large but measuring we see that it is a completely normal orbit measuring 41mm, which is normal, it is usual.
Well, as for the teeth, we can see that they are in poor condition, but they are still represented. It has the third molar, which indicates that it is an older person. Well, that is another representation of the upper dental arch, where we see the hard palate and the connection of the Atlas with the occipital foramen, and we have the second vertebra, which is the odontoid process of the axis (second vertebrae cervical).
Well, one thing that caught my attention was the displacement of the mandible forward, which is a subluxation of the right temporomandibular joint that has shifted approximately 9mm, that due to the effects of gravity, i.e., this dislocation is port-mortem.
Here we have a postero-anterior representation of the ribs, so this specimen has 12 ribs, a view to this anterior where you can also see this the cartilages of the ribs. A lateral view where we see the floating ribs, which are the 11th and the 12th. The degree of preservation allows us to see the larynx, the trachea, the heart, and the diaphragm, which we will see later. Well, this image too is not very well, but we observed a cavitary lesion in the right lung.
This is a three-dimensional representation where we see that the diaphragms are completely present, as is the heart. In the abdominel cavity, the only thing that remains is this mummified remains of intestines and the famous coprolites, which are petrified feces. By examining these fossils, we can see what Maria was feeding on.
Then, because there is a doubt if this specimen has been manipulated, we have all the joints both of the shoulders, knees, and hips have not been manipulated. We will see the column; this is a representation where we see the atlas and the axis, with its odontoid process, connect perfectly with the occipital foramen of the brain.
In a three-dimensional representation, we see how this odontoid process is articulated with the atlas, and this one with the occipital foramen. As for the vertebrae, we do not have much variation; it has seven cervical vertebrae, twelve dorsal vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, and 4 or 5 constituting the coccyx sacrum, which are not represented by the deterioration of the bones.
What caught my attention was to see this vertebra because we see that it is not complete, and by making an increase we see that it is a compression fracture with sclera reaction, which indicates that after the fracture, Mariah kept living. This is a posterior representation of the fracture by compression. Well, here we wanted to represent it is very clear it is a herniated disk of L3, L4, and L4 and L5. This is called discopathy or disc discomfort.
Here we have the representation of the hands which is the most important thing as well as the feet we have a diagram. Well, here we have a diagram of the carpal radio joint, where we see the ossicles forming the carp. What we are going to see next is Maria in detail. There we have Maria's right hand where we can see the radoiocarpal joint articulates perfectly, and this, in turn, begins the five phalanges that they still possess their capsules in each intra-articular. There we have the articulation of this radiocarpal with the eight bones forming the carp. On the right hand is the scaphoid, semi-lunar, the pyramidal, the pisiform that we will see later, and in the second row are the trapezium, trapezoid, the big bone, and the hook bone.
This is the lateral view where the pisiform is seen laterally. We can see the hook bone, the pyramidal, and the ulna on one side. In this new image are represented the five phalanges, yes. We can see there is a separation between the last two phalanges of the lower finger; that separation is not because there was manipulation, but the specimen has broken at that part, the finger was broken.
They decided to put it back as it was before, but without using any glue to not create suspicions and it has been like that since. The high definition cuts this allows to see the separation between the last two phalanges with the third. This is the left hand where it has not suffered any this any damage but we see that the joint capsules are intact and the correlation between each intervened joint is perfect. Likewise, we have the right hand the same as the other left hand with the eight carp ossicles and the radiocarpal joint. A lateral view to see the hook bone (hamatum bone) and the pyramid that is not seen in the anterior postero view.
Next, similarly, the five well-articulated phalanges with their joint capsules and in another slide the measurement has 20 centimeters the left hand is the same the right hand with the difference of a few millimeters making a comparison of the right hand of this Maria with the right hand of Wawita we see that there is a huge difference. In the hand of Wawita from the right hand we see that it has been mutilated, on the other hand, the right hand of Maria retains all its anatomy perfectly well and there are no signs of having been mutilated. Equally, the left hand of Maria and the the left hand of a view where we see that it lacks the first and the fifth metacarpal on the other hand in the left hand of Maria has not suffered any alteration.
As for the feet this is a three-dimensional representation where we see from top to bottom the feet of Maria. In this slide we can see that it lacks the middle finger phalanx, it was also broken. Well this is a lateral view of Maria's right foot where we see the fibular, the tibia that articulates with the astragalus, and below the calcaneus on one side of the cuboid that are the bones of the metatarsus. The right foot of an antero-posterior view where we can see the metatarsal bones. indicated by an arrow. Likewise, the cuboid bone, which is observed, and through which an intermediate report shows the cuneiform in lateral view, and the cuboid is also there. Another view of the left foot shows the fibula, the tibia, the astragalus, the calcaneus, and the cuboid. What is this? It is normal in humans, and we see that this is also the case in an anteroposterior view. We also see the tarsal bones and the bone of the middle finger. This one has broken because it is quite fragile.
This is also one of the earliest tomographies that were done, showing the joints of the three toes on each foot. Here is another image with another window to show that it has five phalanges. The feet also have five phalanges. Here we have a lateral view of the right foot, noting the five phalanges, and we see that the joints, or their articular capsules, are clear. This is the left foot as well, to count the five ends with their respective articular capsules for measurement. The measurement was made at 100 millimeters, but translating to centimeters, we have 22 centimeters, minus the right foot, which also measures 22 centimeters and so many millimeters, which is very good.
There we have the comparison of the feet of both Wawita and Maria. Indeed, this baby has been mutilated, but in this central image, what catches my attention and causes doubt is the separation between each phalanx because each phalanx, each finger, is born from the metatarsal bones. This is the great doubt I have because there is a lot of separation; the separation is 9 millimeters, which is too much because the phalanges in humans are really close together. Well, here we have the density that has been measured in “Scan field” units to see that all the structures that have been studied correspond to bone, more or less between 1,200 and 1,400 “Scan field” units.
Conclusion? Well, according to the objectives we have set for ourselves, we can say that Maria is apparently female due to the nipples and gynecoid pelvis, indicative of an estimated age between 40 and 45 years old due to fused sutures, poor dental condition, and a capital injury, given there is a vertebral compression of the seventh thoracic vertebra. Consequently, the death would be a natural death. The cranial capacity is 19 percent more, and the presence of three toes on the hands and feet with five phalanges is presumed, but we have to continue investigating. There are certain doubts, we have to continue investigating. That is why if the bill is approved, these specimens would have to be studied in multiplicity of mind with the corresponding people as scientists, researchers. Thanks to the Institute of Inkari, to my collaborator Nir Malka, and to my friend Luis Rios, and a greeting to my grandson, who is the youngest, much appreciated.
Hello, good morning. My name is José de la Cruz Ríos López. I am a biologist. I am the scientific advisor of the Inkari Institute, as we have seen from the explanations about DNA. This is leading us to consider the presence of two specimens that could probably correspond to two species. Well, the purpose of my analysis was precisely not to exceed in the DNA, but in the diagnostic characteristics, which is a study of biology itself. The purpose of the analysis was precisely to identify two possible species, which would be in the case of the little ones of 60 centimeters, the object of analysis was Josefina, who would be this properly one type that has been analyzed and subsequently María, who we have designated with names such as “Humanoid Reptilian“ in Josefina's case and “Jamin Palpanensis” in María's case.
In this sense, a series of beings with very similar characteristics were found, in the case of those 60 centimeters, and which is the object of scientific description. The results of the analysis of morphological and biological characteristics were the following: regarding the place of origin, it is unknown where it was found. However, it is known that it would be between the localities of Palpa and near Nazca, which has also been mentioned that it could correspond to a cave or a diatomaceous earth deposit, and that it would be found at the top of a hill and that this would support the fact that these bodies are covered with diatomaceous earth for their preservation, and we see here the characteristics of this genotype specimen, the so-called reptilian humanoid, in which they appeared in diatomaceous earth.
They contain organs, are humanoid in shape, with characteristics similar to those of reptiles. That is, they do not have hair, they do not have an auricle, they do not have a nasal septum, there are no nipples, and the skin is of the type that uses scales, among other characteristics.
A height of 58.5 centimeters, the head is macrocephalic, and in lateral view, we could say it is almond-shaped. It has a short snout, and the occipital condyle is pronounced. The neck is retractable. A bone like the scapula would form the thoracic waist and has a fused clavicle which corresponds to what is called a formula. A bone-like forearm and the same in the leg, lacking radius, ulna, tibia, and fibula. In the hand, there is a pronation in which it has three fingers and ends with a flattened claw. Its pelvis is composed of separate bones in semi-circular shape, so there is no pelvic structure similar to that of humans; it's different.
Regarding gender, we could say that they are gonochoric; that is, there are females and males in their reproduction. It would be oviparous, and their nourishment would be through liquid, and their gait would be bipedal plantigrade. Here we have some data from the measurements taken of the specimen, and we can point out that this would correspond to measurements in bilateral symmetry corresponding from one side, left to right. This suggests that there is no alteration between these measurements, that is, there is harmonic asymmetry in this sense, and it was derived through the analysis of approximately eight specimens that have been analyzed.
It has a head canon of around 8.2, and the weight of the heads that were all analyzed determined a median weight of 0.377 grams. What we find is a very light, very lightweight head. Regarding the skull, the most important and relevant parts, taking into account the tomographic sections, we see an area of pneumatization from the occipital part to the frontal part. That there is an area of pneumatization of the occipital.
In the next image, we see the occipital trabecula which probably generates pneumatisation, and we see an excessively large amplitude of the skull in image number 3. In image number 4, we see a derivation corresponding to the reduction towards the beginning of what would be the brain properly of its anterior part and corresponding to the short snout that this specimen possesses. We see a frontal sinus located above the nostrils or nasal orifices.
This specimen shows cranial sutures, which we have been able to determine through these images. In its posterior part are most of these suture lines. In the anterior, we could only find these sutures in the viscerocranium. In the base of the skull, in its lower part, we identified only two small sutures, which could divide or correspond to the foramen magnum. It should be noted that this specimen has a square foramen magnum and totally different from any known species on Earth.
Behind would be located what is the atlas, the first bone that would support the spine. Here is a very important detail that this also has to do with the lightness of this skull: we find windows, that is, three openings that are situated behind the orbital cavity in the temporal region. In terrestrial species, we have a scientific classification, we know of three types: the eurypside, synapsids, and diapsids. The diapsids generally corresponds to reptilian species, we find two holes behind the orbital cavity here. The interesting and essential thing in these specimens is that we see the presence of three windows or three orifices, which scientifically does not correspond to an identification that has been provided by science.
Concerning the internal part of these skulls, we can identify what could be a possible tympanic bubble.There is a pair towards the sides of the skull that are situated a quarter of the anterior region and adjacent to the viscerocranium area.
Concerning the presence of the brain, it is dried up and is located inside the being. They are beings that still have their internal organs. It is approximately 15 percent of the original, it was a very big brain! We see the position of the dried brain towards the occipital region, which corresponds properly to the supine position in which these bodies were laid.
We did a comparative study between the cranial perimeters of different terrestrial species, in this case, quadruped mammals, and what we find is that the cranial perimeter is too large in this 60-centimeter specimen. The common denominator among each of these species is that between each one of them, we found a reduction of that cranial perimeter in such a way. There is no possibility that this skull could belong to any quadrupedal mammal animal, as has been mentioned or attempted to discredit the case.
We see the viscerocranium part, a significant aspect is the ocular opening in its configuration. We have identified little holes that would be the optic nerve holes, and also on the upper part of the viscerocranium skull we have determined the presence of these holes that would have allowed the brain connection to parts of the skin, supporting them being a biological specimen. Also, we see areas of cranial pneumatization that again confirm that these brains are very lightweight.
Excuse me if we go back; in the previous image, we see two very interesting plates here that would properly form the oral structure, and these two wide plates that are of the movable type as if they were hinges. These specimens do not have teeth, but we see two structures or two hinge plates there. Here we see the oral opening part. We see a type of alimentary opening at the back of the oral opening. There is a small hole, and previously, Dr Jesus Zalce pointed out in his observations that this being could have been nourished with liquid. The tomography exams demonstrate that indeed, it could have been the case since it does not have a mastication system. What could have served as food could have been acquired through a process of liquid destruction. So, that liquid swallowed goes to the lower part. That would correspond to what we call jowls; in this case, in them, it would be a kind of bag, a sort of container where that consumed liquid would go and that possibly would have had an absorption process that we do not know for now.
An important feature of these specimens is the presence of what is known as the furcula. The furcula itself is the union of the clavicles, and we can only find this same characteristic in extinct dinosaurss, the so-called theropods, from which we know that the current birds, which have that same characteristic, are derived. Only those two known groups, one extinct and one currently the birds, correspond with the anatomy of the clavicles of this being. And comparing it with that of the birds, its morphology is totally different.
Here is a very important aspect with respect to this specimen, we have identified this type of vascular nerve tracks that come precisely from the skull, from the brain, toward the body parts, and here we can see in the tomographies, the ducts that come out through the first vertebrae and these ducts come out on the periphery of those vertebrae. It does not have a proper orifice in each cervical vertebra, but these bundles come out around them, and that is what perhaps would explain the reason why it has a square foramen magnum.
Continuing with this same image, we see there the tracks of those neurovascular bundles that connect above all in the scapular area, which corresponds properly to a bone such as the scapula, but it is only a unit, and there are vertebrae of different morphologies that we will possibly note and that makes the connection of those neurovascular bundles precisely with the vertebral column.
Regarding the fact that these specimens contain eggs, and we have data from measurements that we have made, the characteristic is that in their symmetrical shape would correspond to eggs that we can find in reptiles and are symmetrical, not piriform like it would be in the case of birds. Symmetrical because they have a base of the same amplitude, lower, and upper. What we can see inside these eggs is a calcified material that is conglomerate, and we do not see evidence of embryonic development due to the fact that like the reptiles, this would only occur once the egg is laid and is released into the environment to start the embryogenesis process, so here we don’t see the development of an embryo and it is consistent with reptilian biology.
And the most incredible thing we have found is the formation of a fourth egg in this being. Clearly, we have a biological reproductive system already characterized. We have been able to say that there is a reproductive apparatus in this specimen and it consists of, and we see here an elongation of what could be an oviduct, similar also to reptiles, but with a difference with its shape to release the eggs. And here we clearly see that the content in different points of the tomography shows, the presence of an egg in a stage of development.
Here we have illustrated what the reproductive system is, fully identified of this specimen, where we can see a cloaca, we can see a vagina, a cervix, that allows the entrance of sperm into the uterus. We see a structure like the uterus, we see what would be an infundibulum, which is where the egg would be in the development process, and that would later be free. And because its insertion occurs within the abdominal cavity so that the eggs can be deposited in that area and continue with their maturation process.
Here is a very important fact with respect to the tridactyl hands: we can identify that the hand is made up of a single carpal bone with three fingers, and each finger is made up of three phalanges, and it is very likely that this finger ends in a flattened claw. This characteristic of the three fingers and the hand in pronation is characteristic of theropods or extinct dinosaurs. The tridactyl foot is another characteristic also of this type of being, so what we can evidence is an anatomy totally different from an anatomy that we are accustomed to see with respect to a human it's completely different, but it is very similar to what we could see in a bird for example.
That's what we could compare it to in that sense, and the single bone that would be the paw actually serves as a sole, and we see that in the case of a bird called the Casuariidae (Casoar). That large bird has the same similarities as these creatures. And we see areas of cavities that form the bone structure. Well, going back again to the issues of bone cavities, we find that these beings have hollow bones. It has been talked about and it has been argued falsely that they would correspond to bones of assembled animals. Clearly, this type of characteristics in these bones is impossible to find in any mammal. This argument can be completely dismissed, we can only refer to bones of extinct dinosaurs, and if we want something more recent, the birds also have that characteristic.
Another important detail is that the vertebrae are also found to be hollow. It also does not correspond to a characteristic of any terrestrial mammal animal, but we can refer to an extinct specimen, in this case exemplified, to have an idea of it, it is a dinosaur that is called Mamenquisaurus, which is a dinosaur that possessed hollow vertebrae in the neck. So these similarities do not seem strange to us and are known by science.
And there is a very important detail here again referring to the question of whether these bodies are assembled or what they really are. We were able to determine that in the case of the humerus, where apparently through x-rays it apparently could correspond to a cut, it is not, and it is necessary to put in notion to the people who say it is a cut, a cut when you make it on a bone is straight. Here what we see is a serrated or sawed edge, and that this bone has not been altered or cut or modified in the least, since we have the presence of the epiphysis or inferior humeral head that would articulate with the rest of the other extremity, and with this it is clear that here there has been absolutely no addition to these bodies and this is not demonstrating scientifically in the evidence from the tomographies.
Here again, the fact that the extremity of that specimen in the case of Josefina has not been altered in any way, there is only an asymmetry, yes, and we cannot answer what that fact is due to, but there is a corresponding length between each of those extremities, therefore, it is only a difference in thickness, in width, which totally does not mean and does not support an argument that this could be altered. Here we have identified everything that is the vertebral column, we have already properly characterized it, in which we can verify that there are 31 vertebrae and distributed as follows: 1 atlas, 4 cervical vertebrae, 7 scapular vertebrae, 14 dorsal vertebrae, and 3 pelvic vertebrae, and the last 2 would be sacral vertebrae. It has 11 ribs, 9 ringed, and two floating. It has at least 5 different types of vertebrae throughout the vertebral column.
In the human being likewise, there are differences between the types of vertebrae that are in the vertebral column. Nothing could have been expected on these type of specimens. The pelvic bones are held up with the last two vertebrae that form the sacrum in its hind part. We have evidenced that in this specimen Josefina, the humanoid reptile has a lesion that is evident in the sixth rib vertebra with a compression of the vertebra. Here again we see the sacral structure that consists of two vertebrae in the terminal part of the column of this specimen. Yes, this is important to note that like other groups of extinct dinosaurs, in the case of the Herrerasaudidae, of the saurischian dinosaurs, also presented two vertebrae that functioned as sacra.
Here we made a configuration of the skeletal anatomy based on all the evidence recorded through the analysis of tomographies, where we can determine that these beings had a perfectly articulated structure. It has a broad bone as scapulae joined to the 7th vertebrae that would form the rib cage, which is characteristic never recorded in any known animal group. The clavicles are fused forming the furcula.
It has only one bone as forearm, the same for the leg. It has only three fingers, three phalanges of hands with flattened claws, and in the case of the foot it has three phalanges. Here in the part of the skull, we see the presence of pneumatised areas or holes, which also contributes again to the lightness that these creatures have. We also see there the representation of the ringed shaped ribs, the furcula, the scapulum or the scapular structure that properly forms the thoracic girdle. The pneumatisation or the frontal sinus that these specimens present posteriorly to the upper level of the nasal orifices.
A very important aspect is to be able to determine the common ancestor of this being. Well due to the fact that there is no differentiation of bones such as radius and ulna in the forearm, tibia and fibula in the case of the leg, by evolutionary homology, this would not correspond to a biological origin or a common ancestor with any species we know today. Although, it has a certain anatomical or analogous relationship with the hands of extinct theropod species, in this case that could be the Velociraptor. It seems that within its evolutionary line there was the Archaeopteryx, since they present this characteristic of the tridactyly of 3 phalanges in the hand and the single bone that would form the carpals.
The next specimen is Jamin Palpanensis, which would correspond to the mummy named Maria. This specimen has characteristics similar to those of Homo Sapiens. It is evident that its stature is about 1 meter 70, but what is interesting about this is that it has three-fingered hands with five phalanges on both the hands and the feet. It has no hair, no auricle, its eyes are relatively large, and a very small nose. It has protuberances on the skin that we will see later, and the calcaneus bone does not have a tuberosity. We are going to find here aspects that have to do precisely with the aspect of locomotion and which corresponds precisely to a development specifically of that species in particular, where the attachment of the Achilles tendon occurs in the calcaneus bone in the human species, this tendon attaches to the astragalus bone.
But in this case of the mummy Maria, it does not have the protuberance in the calcaneus bone, it's totally different and this obeys precisely to an evolutionary process with respect to the long fingers. We have here the peroneal tendon that is present and runs properly to the feet of Maria. The peroneal tendon can be observed, which extends on the external part of the ankle and behind the larger lateral that connects at the base of the third lateral toe. In the case of 'Homo sapiens' this tendon inserts in the first metatarsal. And we corroborate here that this mummy has not been cut, amputated as has been indicated, since that tendon is present. Again, we see here the structure of the bones. The toes are particularly noteworthy the conformation of three bones of varying size in varying shapes and that provides a 90-degree linkage that finishes these toes and evidently, the presence of fingerprints in the form of circular-type pads and here we represent what is properly the configuration of the feet of the mummy Maria, in which the obvious and clear thing is the harmony that exists in the distribution of the bones with respect to the phalanges.
In conclusion, the specimens analyzed present characteristics that collectively we would expect from a specimen corresponding to a species either reptilian or humanoid and already feel in their phenotypic characteristics they are found to be more related to the group known as reptilian, without an auricular flag, absence of nipples or mammary glands, absence of hair, absence of five fingers, etcetera.
The eggs of the reptile or hand in their morphology are simple, symmetrical similar to that of reptiles. A variety of phenotypic characteristics of the Humanoid Reptile are observed, such as: furcula, hollow bones, pronation of the hand, tridactyl hands and feet. These are found in the theropod group, extinct dinosaurs from approximately 65 million years ago. The presence of a bone for the forearm and leg corresponds to this humanoid specimen, the Humanoid Reptilian, making it distinct in its evolution from a common ancestor known on earth. Its evolution is therefore different from any species known on earth.
This is the glossary that emerges from the observation of these specimens and information which we are going to hand over to the Congress. Thanks to the Institute Inkari, Jose Casafranca as well, thank you for the support that was given to us and the trust that this has granted us to conduct this research. Thank you to Jaime Maussan, I thank him very much for this research that he has supported us a lot and well to all my friends that I have met with this research, Joyce Mantilla, Fernando Correa, José de Jesús to Salazar Vivanco, Salazar Faro, Clara Martínez to Dr. Konstantín Korotkov.
I would just like to point out the aspect that recently in line in Mexico was announced the discovery in a precinct of Teotihuacan, the Mayan presence, and that archaeological objects were found with characteristics of the beings we are analyzing, which have been an object of scientific research as are the beings of 60 centimeters that we have called the reptilian humanoid and which presents three human fingers in hands this would be an archaeological evidence in recent publication by the Mexican authority, that would be all.
Armando Villanueva: Thank you very much Dr. José de la Cruz
Armando Villanueva: Welcome Dr. Jose Zalce
Thank you very much Mr. Congressman, good morning to everyone almost noon therefore I will be brief. Forensic sciences are the set of disciplines that intervene in investigations on facts or prior or pre-existent evidence and among them is forensic medicine, forensic anthropology, forensic genetics forensic odontology, criminology criminalistics among many other sciences. I congratulate the presentation of the results and descriptions carried out from which took as a base all the analyses that we performed in 2017 when we had access to these bodies and specimens when it was the first time access to them was given so I will be like a kind of summary of all my scientific colleagues whom I thought we must make it clear as Dr. Clara pointed out that we are dealing with different specimens categorized as Maria, a body greater than one meter sixty-eight centimeters, second Josefina, and other bodies of 60 centimeters or Wawita which is a pediatric type specimen that is, an infant. The loose hand of approximately 30 centimeters in size and loose pieces such as heads all diverse elements deserving of study and analysis, therefore and from what was seen in the talks that preceded me and that take as a base what has already been published and in light of the time that has been extended, I will be very specific and shortened but I put myself at your disposal to answer doubts that may arise in light of my specialty as forensic medical examiner.
Morphology, physiognomy and anatomy are branches of science that are dedicated to description and this is why we find a body specifically of 60 centimeters of type harmonic between their parts, structures with fine physiognomy and compatibility between all of them, anatomical integration of anthropomorphic form. This means that it has a head, it has a trunk, it has limbs, it has hands, it has feet, it has a structural integrity that is compatible and continuous. With this I mean that there is no indication that they have been assembled or constructed artificially, it expresses a development in a natural way as a single individual. It is a biological specimen with functional anatomy natural form features.
I'll start with the head. The skull is of a single piece, although it has its structures as already pointed out. Sutures are the unions of the various bones that integrate the skull, but it is a single piece, that is, it was not carved, it was not fabricated nor was it made from another previous piece but it has a unique origin.
It has cavities for specific organs such as the eye sockets, the nasal fossa, the oral cavity, the tympanic fossae, which were already described. It has an anthropomorphic physiognomy, that is: two eyes, a nose, a mouth. It resembles, but it is not, human. The nasal fossa and the oral cavity are functional, derived from an analysis made of the images to which we had access. By functional I mean the nasal fossa received air to breathe, the orbital cavities had eyes to see, and the oral cavity had the function of feeding.
The orbital cavities are very interesting in these 60 centimeter specimens because they far exceed the sizes known or referenced. They are broad in their field of vision which exceeds 180 degrees, and this would allow a vision capacity greater than described in the human species. The nasal fossa is short and this allows that the turbulence that is generated at the moment of aspiration is different (from ours).
There is no ear flag, and the oral cavity as already described does not have teeth and is decreased in its size. It has a swallowing function but not mastication. This structure can be viewed from a cut that allows us to know its interior. It shows us the structures of the oral cavity with a hinge function, that is in the frontal quadrate bones they would open with a hinge function that would allow access to the medicine but not to mastication, performing a swallowing function.
What can be very well seen is the digestive tract that goes over the part of the lower bone, where there is the neck, and goes towards a posterior region, and here comes the interesting part, posterior to the vertebrae. The known species have the digestive, or swallowing apparatus, or the esophagus in front of the vertebral body, and here it is seen that it has a path posterior or after the vertebral body.
The base of the skull is different with a central support. This central support coincides fully with the location of the foramen magnum, and the foramen magnum has specific rectangular characteristics with clear edges and not of circular or ovoid type as in other species. It is found located in the middle third of the skull when in most species it is located in the posterior third.
The intervertebral discs are broad in the cervical vertebral bodies, which are only four. It has a central support to the skull, this gives it a wide mobility. It has vascular packages that can be observed and probably nerve packages visible with different paths. On the back part of the vertebral bodies. we can find there a descending path, that could be what we were talking about, the digestive tract or it could even be accompanied by a nerve tract package. On the part in front of the vertebral bodies, starting its entry into the thorax in a diagonal in a red line, that would be the vascular path. This is very striking, since the vertebral bodies, instead of being located in the posterior part, are located in a medial part of the organism. There is a direct correlation between the orifices of the skull with entry or exit grooves of neurovascular packages. That is, the skull presents holes that allow the entry and exit of a vascular packages, and the nerve packages, making a functional anatomy, are very difficult to replicate or reproduce artificially.
This is the base of the skull. On the left side of the screen, should a darker color, you can see the orifice of the digestive tract. At the back towards the right side of the screen you can see the vertebral body that supports the base of the skull with the condyles. This could match with a known vertebra such as the atlas, which is the one that supports the skull and allows the articulation between the head and the spinal column.
The orifices of neurovascular packages also are observed in this slide, and this allows us to corroborate the existence of a biological functionality that confirms the real existence of this specimen and that it is not assembled in an artificial form. We also found the foramen magnum, which is different since it has a rectangular form. Here we are seeing a slide a shot from the head towards the feet and is at shoulder height and we are seeing precisely the clavicle which is unique and not double as described by the biologist José de la Cruz. This is a characteristic currently of birds but with ancestors of the dinosaur type. You can see in the middle of the slide the vertebral bodies and the duct that is left in the posterior apophysis of each vertebral body this duct is where the digestive tract passes and the neurovascular package pathways pass. Here you can see that both arms, the humerus, are of hollow consistency although of very solid and rigid consistency. This allows lightness but also a hard solidity.
Here we are seeing the thorax, the upper part of the thorax, with structures of vascular packages and digestive packets. Here the interesting thing is that it is in a parallel form to the vertebral bodies, which is the central part of the slide. There can be very well seen the vascular pathways and the nerve package pathways and through the center in a posterior part the beginning of the digestive tract. We can also see a muscular, non-osseous dorsal platysma. That is to say, Josefina does have any scapula bones, but it does have with a more robust muscle structure on the back that allows support and movement to the upper extremities. We can specify that the ribs have a horizontal continuous shape, are hollow, and are complete; that is, they do not have a junction in the sternum but they go from side to side. This image is one of my favorites, because it shows more detail. One, the thoracic cavity in a lateral view, the three vascular and digestive pathways already described, which here can be specified how they come out from the back of the vertebral bodies and reach towards the median structure. It can be observed that the column, and the vertebral bodies, are in a medial position at the center of the specimen, having a posterior apophysis or above average. This results in the spinal column occupying almost completely the entire thoracic structure. The images seen in black at the center of the slide confirm the existence of pneumatization, which most likely used to be the respiratory system.
Here we have the location of the metallic pectoral plate embedded, and it is striking that this metal plate, which is embedded in the front part of the thorax, precisely instructs the anatomical structure, but it is neither sewn nor attached artificially. Instead, it adheres harmoniously to the surface, forming a continuity with the skin surface.
Here we can also see specifically the vertebral bodies and spaces between them, which are the intervertebral discs, giving a wide range of motion and a broad mobility to the thorax. This shows the entire spine, a complete view of the spinal column. Within the brain, we can see a part of the cranial hemisphere; it is visible that there is still a part or remnant of what would have been the brain. The base of the skull is also well seen, where we can appreciate the continuity between the head and the column through a vertebra we already call the atlas, but it does not have the second vertebra, which we refer to as axis, and this provides a greater range of twisting to the neck.
Then there is a deviation at the level of the thorax, a deviation of the spine - a scoliosis. This deviation may be very related to the injury that exists in the vertebral body that my colleague Jose de la Cruz had already mentioned. There is a lesion of the seventh thoracic vertebra, and so the deviation of the spinal column could be related to this injury. The para-vertebral vascular bundles, that is, on the sides of the vertebral bodies, and the digestive tracts and the adipose abdominal tissue at the bottom where the eggs are found, reveal a very concrete and specific anatomy and physiognomy, which makes its falsification unlikely.
This is a lateral view, also one of my favorites. In the skull, we can see at the back of the skull the presence of what would have been the encephalic mass. Then in the neck, we see the central position of the vertebral bodies and the central position of the cranial support. Then in the thoracic part, which we can divide into thirds, in the first third or upper third, the first white point that is there is precisely the metallic plate we have referred to, which is embedded, attached to the skin without any surgical remnant, but its correlation in position with the spine defects at that same height stands out. We can again confirm the digestive tract and the vascular path just in front of the vertebral bodies and behind the plate. We could specify the presence of an organ, but at this time we haven't decided whether it is the heart or stomach, or the first stomach since it has a swallowing function connected to the digestive system. Further analysis would be required in this regard.
We see the position in the middle third and in the final third of the thorax, the central position of the vertebral bodies, and so this corroborates that its bipedal standing and its center of gravity are completely adapted to a bipedal species. However, we observe that it is locomotor, a bipedal locomotor since it has two lower limbs. Then, in the last tract in the abdominal cavity, we manage to see the two eggs. At the back, there are the vertebral bodies, and at the end of the vertebral bodies, we find the fusion of the last two vertebrae that would allow the articulation with the lower limbs. The absence of a pelvis as such is striking - this means that the lower limbs could not have a circular amplitude of the limb but could only have anterior and posterior movement, that is, linearly, and not be able to have the amplitude that we know.
This is the same image but in a three-dimensional reconstruction. Here you can appreciate the organ that I was mentioning, where the blue point of the metallic plate in the thorax is located. In the back part, that organ is seen, which we would have to decide and discern whether it is the heart of the vascular system or if it is part of the digestive system since it is connected with the digestive tract that comes from behind the vertebrae. The lesion of the vertebra can be verified in greater detail, and the deviation of the column between them. That deviation of the column could be the consequence of a severe accident that the specimen had. If we were talking about any living species, that lesion of the vertebral body would likely have rendered the specimen immobile, that is, it would not be able to walk. However, it bears a very direct relationship with the metallic plate that is in front, and perhaps it was some form of compensation that allowed it to continue its movement.
In the lower part of the column, we can observe again the fusions of the final vertebrae, almost a sacrum. In front are the eggs. There, in the vertebral bodies, there is a separation or angulation. That is a physiological response, normal in the gestation process. This would be very difficult for someone to have been able to replicate so harmoniously something that happens naturally in a gestation process. The body adapts and changes its structure to be able to receive this gestation process, and there it is clearly seen how the vertebral bodies change their position, widen the intervertebral space, and have a functional harmonic relationship with that gestation process, corroborating the originality and natural biology of this specimen.
Here you see an enlargement of that abdominal image, and precisely there I make reference to the separation of the upper vertebral body with the lower in the intervertebral articular cartilage that makes the biological reception of the gestation process. It is a vertebral displacement that gives amplitude to the abdominal cavity. The vertebral bodies and the posterior caudal processes are decreasing in size, unlike the thoracic ones. This means that at this point, the space behind the vertebral body has been reduced and therefore there is no path as we mentioned in the thorax. However, if we reach to see vascular paths on the sides of the vertebrae - the vascular packets or elements for the irrigation of the abdominal area.
Finally, we can say that it is a specimen with a cranial cavity with contents, probably cerebral encephalon, an oral cavity with a posterior digestive tract to the vertebral bodies, a thoracic cavity with vascular packages and probably nervous packages, a corrected vertebral body lesion, which is interesting. Who made that correction of those vertebral lesions? How was that correction of those vertebral lesions made? An abdominal cavity with a gestational content of 4 eggs, initially we had described only three major pieces, but on the left side in white point there is the fourth egg that has been perfectly described, in an oviduct, which again makes a direct relationship with the existence of organs and physiologically functional organs in this specimen.
We have hip joint articulation with the bone that would correspond to the ilium, which is like a disc on the sides of the hip, but in a direct frontal visual, they are vertical. This joint I insist is not normal since it does not allow a circular movement but only allows the anterior-posterior displacement movement. But here I would like to point out the following: The union of the lower pelvic limb makes a wedge on the surface of what would be the femur, and that wedge that is seen there is precisely the wear of the upper bone, equivalent to the iliac, with the femur bone in its displacement. That natural wear from the biomechanical movement of bipedal standing could not be subject to an artificial replication by an artist. It is a natural wear of the specimen because of its existence, that is one way to corroborate it among many others.
Also below the three eggs that are observed, you can see a faint yellow line that makes a pouch that provides the containment to the abdominal structures, and we could mention that as a mesenteric package or wrapping that gives structure to the abdominal organs.
We move on to the hands, and in the hands, as already described, we see that there are only three fingers, each finger with five phalanges, and between each phalanx, the articular capsule is clearly seen. This means that it has an articular capsule, muscle, tendon, and ligaments. Here they are observed clearly, and this is difficult to replicate, practically impossible. In a lateral view, we can see the articular capsule perfectly, and this articular capsule has a direct correlation between one phalanx and the other, giving a natural specificity without the option of doubt that it was assembled or put together. On the contrary, it tells us perfectly about the functional anatomy of the hand, with a type of winding. That is, there is no way to grip with an opposable finger, but the length of the phalanges allows us to make a type of winding for holding things.
Furthermore, it allows us to see that it has only one bone in the forearm; all other species have two, the radius and ulna, named in the human species, but here we only see one. This slide shows us that on the first finger, which is bent towards the left side of the screen, in the lower course, two important facts can be seen. First, a vascular package that runs to the tip of the finger, the last phalanx. Secondly, a tendon that allows us to observe that the movement is precisely towards the winding of the hand's functionality. This corroborates perfectly that it is not assembled, but organic, continuous, natural, and functionally viable.
This is the last slide, let's describe it: it is a body with anthropomorphic physiognomy because of the head, arms, thorax. It has harmonic and functional anatomy among all its structures: head, neck, shoulders, elbows, thorax, ribs, abdominal cavity with gestational products, pelvis, and lower limbs. It has structures and organic content perfectly related, has vascular packet paths, has a spinal column with injuries and displacements, horizontal ribs, a lightweight bone structure since the bones are hollow, functional joints mainly in the elbow, hip, pelvic limb, and hands phalanges. The eggs and the oviduct tell us that it was in the fullness of its existence, and the mesenteric bag gives content to the organs.
The results: through imaging studies, it was possible to identify bony structures that bear a harmonious and functional anatomical relationship among them, which would allow us to determine a type of organic mobility in the analyzed specimen. Second, through imaging studies, structures similar in their physiognomy and organs and their components were identified, which bear similarities to vascular packets, digestive tract, reproductive system but which have particularities that make them different from what is described and known in human anatomy and which resemble other species.
By studying these images, and their three-dimensional reconstruction, it is possible to identify that the bony anatomy, as well as the ovoid structures—the four eggs—the soft anatomy such as skin, fat, muscles, organs, blood vessels, oral cavity, digestive tract, reproductive system, and oviduct, and other joint structures like muscles, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage, do maintain a direct relationship between their position and trajectories, which manifests their authenticity and organic functionality, which is unique and unrepeatable among individuals. This determines the viability and feasibility that it is an entity of a new or unknown species in its biological evolutionary origin, unique and different from what has been described or known in the human species or any other.
The DNA results confirm that they do not maintain a direct relationship to any known animal organism described so far, and here I want to specify clearly that there was talk of a correspondence of up to 30-33 percent of DNA. That is not the relevant point. The relevant point is not how much it resembles, which is 30%, the relevant point is how much it is different, and it is different by 70%. This distinction and differentiation of 70% is what makes this species unique, invaluable, and unrepeatable and worthy, meritorious of a deeper scientific analysis and study.
The carbon-14 results have an approximate adaptation period that implies a different taxonomic origin than what is known and described in terrestrial species already studied and referred to by science. And with this, I am going to conclude. There are other studies, for example, the skin, for example, the diatomaceous earth, for example, the processes, artificial and natural modifications—that is, there is much to study and much to expand in this investigation.
I conclude with the persistence of the need to continue and expand the access and depth of studies on each of the pieces and bodies of specimens by institutions and scientists in a collegiate and multidisciplinary manner to corroborate what has already been said, the truth, and thus determine the origin as well as the typification and taxonomic classification of these mummified bodies found here in Peru. But they are a paradigm for history, for what is described by current science, and for what is known as the natural evolution of the species on this planet. Thank you very much. Thank you.
Armando Villanueva: Thank you, Dr. Zalce. We have extended beyond the planned time, but I believe that every point was worth it.
It is important to know that the Russian Federation, in the universities of Russia, especially St. Petersburg, have formed commissions that are represented today by two representatives of the universities of St. Petersburg. Professor Galetskiy, who is a representative of the First University of Medicine of St. Petersburg. Also, other entities that have taken part in this investigation have been the Genetic Institute of St. Petersburg and the Obstetric Surgery Institute of St. Petersburg.
The material we worked with was material obtained from the hand and foot of a being which we call Maria. According to the carbon-14 test, we obtained that this specimen is about 1750 years old. After contrasting the material from the palm of the hand with that of the foot, we have concluded that they belong to the same specimen; the samples are totally identical.
This simple fact gives us the guarantee that no alterations have been made to the phalanges of this specimen's fingers. We have analyzed the DNA of these two samples. We have already seen these reports from our previous colleagues, and we have also come to the same conclusion. According to the DNA analysis that has been carried out, we can conclude that this specimen does not belong to any identified race that inhabits the planet Earth.
We can hold the theory that this specimen is a representative of a race still unknown to science. We have also identified that there was an oily substance covering the samples we analyzed. The chemical analysis proved that all the material is of biological origin. On the upper part of the samples, we have found a significant presence of cadmium.
It is also important to highlight that these mummies were preserved inside a cave, buried in fine powder. This fine powder has an earthly origin. But the most interesting thing is that this powder has had a technological treatment, and it has reached the consistency of a very fine powder that is not characteristic in nature.
Let's move on to the conclusions we have reached after analyzing the different specimens. The first specimen is the Wawita mummy. This is a mummy of a specimen, and we suppose it is an infant, which has been found in the position that you can see in the slides. We have found that between the hand and the chin there were residues of fabrics. The fabrics, in turn, had the presence of oils and cereals.
The shape of the skull is not a usual shape in people. It has a small deformation, but we consider it to be a congenital defect. Out of the 63, we have found that we also analyzed the oral cavity, the teeth, and the skull's plates. According to the odontological analysis, we have come to the conclusion that this child had an age of approximately a year and a half or two years. This Wawita specimen presents many lesions on the body.
For example, the skin of the skull was removed entirely. It can be seen that the cervical vertebrae are very damaged. In the central part, on the vertebrae of the central part, we also see fractures. We also see fractures on the vertebrae. We also see that in the dentition, the front teeth are missing. It does not have the organs of the thoracic cavity.
We have also found in the abdominal region traces of a wound that must have been caused by a sharp and pointed object. It's written that in the part of the foot, we see that there is the presence of five phalanges. While it is true that the hand has three fingers, we have found traces that the fingers have been artificially removed. On the right-hand wrist, there are traces that there originally were five phalanges. In the tissue that wraps around this mummy, we have found quite a sample of cereals.
Regarding Maria, it is a mummy of—we suppose a woman—for the preservation. On the abdominal part, on the part of the skin, we have seen or found the presence of many substances that are used for conservation, and modification.
We have come to the conclusion that this person, Maria, had an age of 30 to 35 years. We come to this conclusion due to the skull formations present. Likewise, this person's dentition confirms that she had an age between 30 and 35 years. And the most interesting thing about this skull is that this skull has a shape very characteristic of the shape of all the skulls that we have seen in the Paracas museums.
As for the spine, it is a spine common in human beings. And the only difference can be found in one of the vertebrae. Apart from that peculiarity, there is an absence of the coccyx in this person. There is a biposy that shows the absence of vertebra number 7.
We have also seen that this person, in the lower part, in the lumbar part, in the vertebrae, presents anomalies that probably are melanomas. Likewise, in the part of the waist, we see that there are two objects that are not—that are external to the human body. We have come to the conclusion that they are stones because they are neither metals nor bones.
Likewise, in the part of the limbs, we see the presence of wounds. The presence of the wounds shows us the way these wounds have been made, which we suppose have been done by animal claws due to the distance between these wounds made by sharp and pointed objects. It is almost certain that the wounds this person has were made by animals with very long claws.
You can see the cavities clearly—cavities corresponding to the location of the heart and lungs. Likewise, we see the presence of fecal residue, intestines, liver, in the abdominal cavity. But we have not found kidneys, genital organs. What we see here is that Maria also has only three fingers. What we do not find in Maria's hands are the muscles that connect the phalanges. This means that this person has not been able to close—has not been able to make the movement of closing her fist, for example—due to the absence of the muscles between the phalanges.
These people—we see that Maria has three fingers, each with four phalanges. Otherwise, Maria's anatomy completely coincides with the anatomy—is consistent with the anatomy of a human being, as we know it. And as for the heel, we see that it has a different shape. It shifts slightly downwards; this indicates that the person was unable to put all the sole of her foot, to make contact with the terrestrial surface. This indicates that this person, when walking, was supported only by her toes and heel.
We see that the dentition is in very good condition. On the bottom part, there is no presence of molars.
We move on to Josefina. Josefina is a representative of a specimen that presents an anatomy very different from a human being. This group of specimens has a very interesting shape of the clavicle, anomalous for the human species. The vertebrae are a single piece; they are not divided as in humans and are circular in shape.
Likewise, these skeletons have a very specific shape of joints and bones of the limbs. They have only one bone in the lower limbs and only one bone in the upper limbs, unlike human beings, who have two. The part where the skull and the spine meet, which we suppose is the atlas, has a different shape from that of human beings. The most interesting thing is that it has a squared shape, unlike that of human beings. Not only human beings, but also all the beings we know have the atlas round in shape. We have also analyzed images that we have received from Josefina.
The shape of the skull is very particular; it has a prolongation to the back. At the back, there is the presence of unknown holes. Likewise, at the front, in the skull, it has very prominent eye cavities. Aside from that, on the lateral parts of the skull, we have three circular cavities. The eye cavities are smaller than those of human beings; they are 9 millimeters deep and have a hole that would serve as a connection with the optic nerve.
The absence of other cavities, such as the nasal ones, for example, indicates to us that this being did not have the need to warm the air that entered the body. In the part that would correspond to the eyebrows, we find the presence of another three cavities, which are unknown in other types of beings. These three holes are linked by an internal channel and have a conical shape that widens towards the back.
This is the pyramidal shape that the skulls have, including that of human beings, the holes that go backward. There are channels that run vertically. Behind the pyramid, there is a spherical cavity of 8 millimeters that is connected to the cavity of the pyramid and is covered by skin. This formation has to be present in other beings, but it has an auditory function and is located at the top.
In the oral cavity, we see the presence of a joint that helps open the jaw. In the lower part of the jaw, there is a plate that has two discs. Morphologically, it resembles the bone found under the tongue in humans. The nasal cavity is very small; it's a cavity of three millimeters in depth. Under the eye sockets, we believe there should be the presence of facial muscles. The jaws have a very characteristic shape in these beings; it's made up of, or the jaw is replaced by, two plates that would move in a circular manner.
The part of the neck vertebrae has a very unique structure. All humans, all beings known to science, have a transversal process and two posterior processes—this being has nine vertebrae that form the part of what is the neck. The top four vertebrae are cylindrical in shape and are larger than the others. All processes on these vertebrae are absent. Behind the vertebrae, it is seen that in these beings the spinal cord does not pass through the vertebrae but behind them.
There are also two vertebrae that do not show a solid shape. The channel of the nervous system does not pass through the spinal column either, but there is a channel behind the vertebrae through which this would pass. Under these vertebrae, there are smaller vertebrae that do present processes like those of other beings; however, they are not cylindrical but are quite compact discs.
We see the presence of two nerves, these formations that we believe to be nerves. They seem to be the spinal cord of this being, of this specimen. These branches join into one at the height of the fifth and sixth vertebra. This specimen, Josefina, has a broken clavicle that differentiates her from the other specimens of this, so to speak, race. As the other specimens of this small size present the clavicle in a pointed shape, and you see that the clavicle is one piece without separations. In Josefina's case, we see that the clavicle is broken.
Beneath this clavicle, we see some kind of metal plates. We suppose that these discs had the function of supporting the thoracic cavity of this specimen. In other words, it was an implant. The remaining vertebrae of the central part have a more regular shape. These vertebrae are protected by circular-shaped ribs. We see that beneath the sixth vertebra there is a fracture.
Likewise, we've been able to identify that this person lived a certain time after having received the fracture. As with the ribs, the 10th and 11th ribs are separated; they no longer have a circular shape. The shoulder part also has a characteristic shape.
The bony part of the shoulder is a little higher up when compared with other kinds of beings, in the shape of a hook; this bone has a regular shape. The wrist, like the other specimens, has three fingers. The wrist is a very interesting formation because it's a single bone; the fingers consist of four phalanges. As you can see, the pelvic part is very different from the beings known to science. There isn't a part of the coccyx, and the joints, as you can see, are not characteristic of beings known to science.
Regarding the case of the articulations of the upper and lower limbs, we can see that the bones have a termination in the shape of a crown, and in the part of the bone below, the termination is not crowned but is a spherical shape termination. The joint has a feature that is an organic material within which there are small blisters or small spheres. What we suppose is that at the time of bending the arm or bending the leg, these formations, these balls or spheres would move along with the joint.
Regarding the foot, it's a formation of a single bone that has a cavity in the center of this bone. In the thoracic cavity, we've seen another cavity that we presume is where the aorta should pass.
In the lower part of the spinal column, where the stomach should be, we see that there are three objects. These objects are connected to tissues that are also found inside. The density of these objects is 1,900 to 2,000 units, which tells us they are denser than bone and more dense than any other type of formations in the anatomy of the human being. We see that the structure of these three objects is not uniform. When contrasting the plates, we see that inside each of these three objects, there is something very similar to an embryo. This formation is very similar to that of an 8-week embryo in a human being. We see that organs are forming in this embryo, such as the heart and the brain.
When we visited the archaeology museums in Lima, we saw many artifacts with beings that have three fingers. In fabric for houses as well, we see many beings that have three fingers too.
Armando Villanueva: Thank you Dr. Galetskiy Dmitriy Vladislavovich from Russia
As I was saying earlier, my name is Salvador Romero. I hold a degree in Genomic Sciences from UNAM, and I am currently collaborating with the Abraxis group, which I come to represent with the results we obtained as a group. Unlike several results that have already been presented here, all of them are, in some way, the result of group collaboration. They are strongly supported by the analysis of different individuals who come here to present all their results and knowledge. On a personal level, the one I was involved in was group work with different private entities that we carried out in the analysis of massive sequencing, which I alluded to a few moments ago in the clarification that it is the ultimate level to date in technology by which one can decipher what is present in these samples of the tridactyl mummies of Nazca. Well, then in brief, what I want to present to you is the workflow that we developed for there and for Jaime Maussan to assist them in the implementation of genomic technologies to decipher the DNA of these bodies—the summary of the sequencing procedure that was done.
And in the computational reports that were carried out since this, unlike many of the analyses that were shown to you, morphological of tissues, etc., our analysis was purely molecular. We focus on generating both the procedure with a private act in Canada which is called CEN4GEN, which I will introduce.
The Foolling Institution, which is a private company that has experts in both the field of paleogenomics, which is called the area of genomics that studies the DNA of ancient samples, and they also do even clinical application studies. They have both personnel and facilities to be able to work with asepsis, which is needed to be able to do DNA extraction and other molecular procedures. Well then, specifically the samples we received were all the ones I show you in this photograph. Well, we received them. We supported creating the shipping logistics for this institute, people with whom Jaime told us they have laboratories from which they focus on that.
Out of all these samples, which were about 233 samples of bone tissue and DNA samples already extracted previously by BIOTECMOL, which is one of the private entities that spoke to you a moment ago in much detail. They were also extracted for mass DNA sequencing, only through a platform that gives much less resolution than the one we applied, that is to say, which ones then.
As I said a while ago, the samples were highly degraded despite the conservation by all the diatoms that already told you that they are present in the bodies. Well, they are from antiquity; there is no doubt about that. There is plenty of evidence that they are samples that are many years old, and this was reflected in the degradation of the DNA that was reported to us by the people of CEN4GEN.
What they did was to mount the massive technique that, in summary, is as if it were a molecular magnifying glass that you have many DNA fragments in a sample, whatever it may be, it can be any type of sample of tissue has been analyzed from different points in the sea to see the bacterial composition it has. It has even been sent to the moon to aerospace expeditions, to see if the probes sent outside Earth can recover microbial DNA. Smaller sequencing equipment is used in this case, but just so you understand, that's the edge right now of the technology of molecular analysis. In this case, it's a molecular magnifying glass that literally allows us to read the different molecules that we have present in any type of sample that in this case were tissues. After this molecular amplification and sequencing, which is very detailed, our fragments had to also apply a complex computational procedure heavy, in some cases the analyses can be done with desktop computing equipment because there are samples with few readings, they talked about around 650,000, but we analyzed around one trillion readings per sample.
I'm going to put it in comparison that is all in specialized software as they said. They did analyses with a commonly used method, well a database called NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information, a database that brings together current knowledge in DNA sequences from Japan, Europe, and the United States. Through that database was used a program that is called BLAST. NASA clarified that the BLAST is the program used to search the NCBI database.
So good then this software is, this database was used in conjunction with software developed at the Genomics Center in New York called NEW YORK GENOME CENTER to specify what and also use software technology developed by the energy department of the USA through him being an author. In summary, the sequencing procedure that was supported to develop with Sanford in the computational rye with Abraxis was four steps, one was DNA extraction and amplification. I repeat one of the challenges here was that the DNA was highly degraded. Yes, they did a quality control to check this situation. This led us to the need for it, and they mounted a methodology called multiple displacement amplification which allowed us to skip the problem that you skew to a certain type of age in the case for example which were done in Russia they used as they told you the sequencing of actions that is, they isolated certain regions of the DNA and those were the ones they studied.
We did not. We went to everything that was there to make it clear that it does not necessarily have to be only the tissue that can be in microorganisms or be both endogenous as it is called when it is part of the same organism that you are listening to, that is to say contamination or organisms associated with this organism. Once you manage to do the amplification of media is a quality control. It's easy to see that it could work with the little monkey. NEC knew that it has always been done before. I mention it because even after that, not all the samples have passed that quality control. In the end, only three remained, which are the ones you talk about for the rest of the presentation. And then, a quality control is done where the sequencing towards the subconscious gives us so much information that many of them can be discarded because it allows you to draw suitable conclusions. Due to the fall it has, well, all that was discarded by the Ying Center. We only kept clean acts to be nobody computational. That was basically packed into two strategies: one that is mapping and reconstruction of the sequenced genome. Basically, what it did was something very passive, what the doctor already explained to you, which was to map in Matthias. It means to compare the nucleotide content of each of the sequence fragments against a genome or reference sequence. In this case, it was the human genome, in its most current version called GRCh38, because it is relevant to use the most current because this sequence that was just published a few years ago, of this human genome version, is highly continuous. It has zero many gaps that in the previous version are already closed. So, the last version of this human genome sequence was used.
Okay, the next error. This is a summary of what was done and how each of the steps was verified. Then, at the end, as I mentioned, from the products that we saw in the initial photograph, only resulted in three samples that could pass, that correspond to two parts of Victor's body. That's the 70 centimeter body that they have told you about, and today from one hand, from one of the loose components that also explained the doctor widely. These tissues were made the connection with Sephron to be sent to Canada. They did the amplification well, first the extraction of DNA, seeing that there was a very degraded... that you well don't know, but if you don't see bands in a gel, that this is a gel, then the little white bands indicate presence of DNA, not of... means that there is DNA, which is very little, then that was what happened.
Due to this, the procedure of multiple displacement amplification was performed, and this allowed that, well, as you see in this photograph, there are already white lines in the presence of DNA. This was taken to a construction that is called library making, that is, convert the DNA that was extracted into an appropriate form for the sequencing equipment to read it, and that involves a device called HiSeq from the Illumina company that currently is one of the most powerful devices that exist for read in the massive sequencing procedure. Even this is the next what version which is the HiSeq X Ten devices that run in parallel to be able to generate still greater depth. Of this molecular amplification, that I mentioned at the beginning, this sequence was cleaned and we obtained, well, what we obtained if you see it on paper. Imagine thousands of, say, telephone books stacked one on top of another. We would reach this room and more of all the information that was generated per sample. After sample, we generated like a million readings of DNA. This is translated into more than 100 million nucleotides per sample, and this is almost a terabyte of information in total. Literally, it was a hard drive of a job that had to be sent by parcel to our offices in Mexico to be analyzed in the following way.
Okay, then the summary of what I did. Now what we did, we are already alone with the data part in bioinformatics. What we did was, from the readings that were generated from massive sequencing, we then made a preliminary mapping to the human genome somehow. And I am honest with you, up until this moment that I am here in Peru, I am learning about everything that had already been done also by other groups in parallel. It was somehow like convergent confirmation of several methods that have been presented. In particular, this percentage of around 30 percent that the doctor talks to you about. And now we are going to see that also in Victoria, something very similar is manifested then. After not being able to eliminate genome, we, by making detection of fragmented DNA, that is not yet after the filter that Sephron gave us of readings, we made another filter to work with only readings that really could have come from foreign DNA that we have is the usually process of degradation of DNA. It begins to break into small pieces, and then these fragments are more rural, then come from an ancestral sample than those that are larger than one average length. What we did was stay only with fragments that seemed to be on the off switch. It is called that in summary. It means that they were short fragments. Then we worked only with readings that seemed to come from a new fragmentation. Also, this means that there is a lot of DNA information here that was not studied and that could be open to more investigations because it could reveal more information than what is going to show you that this showed. After this detection of DNA fragment, it was made a map of the genome with a complete mapping that is of all this. Preliminary mapping was only around a quarter of the readings that were generated, and the complete mapping has been controlled for the hand, the hand of the samples, and afterward an interactive filter to 14 genomic sets in the Victoria sample. Afterward, a search of a match of the readings that did not make us match any of these genomes, that is something similar to what the doctor also showed you here alone, suddenly it doesn't come out lips. And that is to the curve, and it did something to tell us that we made an even a greater extension to this algorithm.
Well then, in summary, what we obtained regarding the mapping of the new human was that in Victoria, in the two samples, that once on the neck and another time, it seems to me from the hip, they first seemed to effectively come from a common origin. They had lived because they have a percentage practically identical for their more practical from the rest of the human genome. This was verified with the preliminary mapping permit that I talked to you about. And, in the case of the hand, it is also seen effectively a very high percentage of a match to the human genome without reaching totally 100 percent. It is also necessary to clarify the following, please. Another important result that had many analyses of this, but let's say it's the easiest to communicate, it was also done that it could recover all the course in all mitochondrial complements that the doctor talked to you about. That in the case of the analyses that had been done, they were judged to certain regions to make the identification of the groups of samples. In this case, another thing that we could recover the whole mitochondria. Clear it is necessary to clarify that this well can be contamination or come from different individuals, then you need a lot more depth. For that reason, it is being shown why it was not done healthy. They are thorough, but it is important to say that and if we compare the whole mitochondria and all of the sexual chromosomes because in the previous one, the important thing about this result is that I am showing you that we made a search of all the readings that did not do a lot to any of the genomes that this hypothesized va could be present in the sample. We found that more than 90 percent, around the 90 percent in both Victoria samples, and that is also coincident, they don't do match anything known in the databases of the entity that I am talking to you that was included in the most complete database that could be compiled on our computer equipment with the memory RAM that we had. Because it is also necessary to clarify that this involved equipment that works with more than 600 gigabytes of RAM. It involved more than 32 processors per each of the channels that were made, were involved more than 500 hours of computing, and I am going down, and it involved almost a job of data analysis, intermediate analysis, and all that I say. This is a model, healthily, you can visually see these norms. There is no more to that which is known, at least from what has been sequenced in the current most complete databases. This is the body of Victoria.
Well then, now as we got to their data, it was like this, then these are the percentages that show you at the beginning. For this, what we did was a filter against the human genome GRCh38, not masked. That is important because the human genome logo had certain regions removed that are repetitive. Then we removed that filter so that effectively starting readings that would be present whether repetitive would be seen in mapping or not on the sequences. From there comes that data, and it repeats everything with a fraction of the following. The other filter that was made was that of the, on the one I talked to you about. In this case, for Victoria and for Maria 1, in the case of Victoria were, I repeat, more than one million and one million readings in the readings that were above the filter and that seemed to come from small DNA fragments. In the case of Victoria was 18 percent, in the case of Victoria de 0.02, our sample 0.02 and 0.04, we call them by the air that was assigned. The first of Victoria, only 18 percent seemed to come from really ancestral fragments. And those of Victoria, yes, were more, if they were 67 percent. In the human case, 99 percent of the fragments in it seemed really because the level to our ancestral, this, I repeat, only based on the PE above the readings, there are other more sophisticated numbers that are seeing if there are certain compositional changes at the ends of the readings. This was not done because we did not continue the analysis. That was of, we did not reach that possibility from a priori.
Next, please. For what it is important to say is that here I show you a graph of what is the coverage, it is called, around all the chromosomes of the human genome. The axis of the 10 is the called chorale or x. You are going to see or pass how many passes Ellis to the genome. We can see that the per human genome is really homogeneous, that is, we are not only capturing certain regions of the hand. This is from the analysis of the hand, then really the coverage was quite homogeneous. If this came from a sample that is associated with human or that was from an organism close to human, the coverage was really inhomogeneous in the case of sequencing. That is what this means that the molecular and bioinformatics techniques are the suitable for not skewing the analysis to certain regions. The next, please.
Okay, this is the other of the analysis because it was an algorithm that we developed in brackets, no clear, it was with software that was previously developed as I told you by the institutes of Jong and Non Institute and of the Million Gene Center. But good, what we did was to apply a part of the lesson to BB tools that allowed us to make a quick mapping. There were no match machete cameras in different genomes that we thought were present in the samples from different previous analyses that had been made. This involved 14 levels of filters yesterday, with a level I mean a group of genomes that went from those of viruses, and we got all the videos that are known, all the bacteria that is known, the data all the fungi that had been known in the database, all the Protozoa, and we got several vertebrates, representative of vertebrates. We got organisms from many other taxonomic levels that were present."=== SNIPPET ===Transcript: "Dear users, we took fungi and grabbed mitochondria, organelles. We classified the published genomes into various taxonomic levels, and we were filtering out the reads from Victoriavirus 002 and 004, among others, because our objective is to analyze, that is to say, 'Okay, let's be very strict and this, yes this is something that is from Earth, thus it must match what is already known to have been sequenced, which is not little; there are already many channels, I mean, more than a million sequences that are in the NCBI database, not to mention the redundant ones.' And well, we were thorough with these filters.
In the end, the analysis concludes with other software from the J. Craig Venter Institute called TaxMap, which is actually software that has just been published this year. It is state-of-the-art software that allowed us to feed the whole database again, or rather, the part that we had already fed with known genomes, into different taxonomic levels. We put the whole database in again for an additional analysis that, along with the previous one, allowed us to interrogate more than 41 million DNA sequences. This represents more than a million taxa, as it's called, the hundreds of species or sets of species levels, these taxonomic levels. Next, please.
But no, even though this is the result I show you, this is the analysis of Victoria 002. In red, we see what, after all the filters of the known genomes that we imposed and after the filters applied by TaxMap, which is the flavor I tell you is the newest that has been published to be able to interrogate the database, didn't match any of the currently sequenced knowledge we have in the databases. And in little blue, you can see what does classify, that is, there is indeed medium activity, it does match things known on Earth. So as far as composition, at least after all the filters that were applied and, at least, I repeat, this is the percentage of the readings that passed after all the previous filters, useable. That is to say, in some way, this confirms that this is not a sample that is difficult for you to simulate this taxonomic composition, and that, apart from the movie, people, please, be so consistent between two different parts of the tissues here the percentage is practically the same, close to 90%, and this is a static image that you are not seeing. But these stem from the analysis that is interactive; you can get into the chart and explore which organisms were present and if you go further into the DNA that was in the sample and indeed you see that there are different organisms that seem to be present, such as bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms, but it was also interesting to see that there were species like, for example, Ficus vulgaris, which is a plant, was highly present in the samples from the apple tissue, which was grown was everything that was present in the sample, intentionally on the tissue. So that is something interesting.
And there was also DNA from bovines, bovine DNA in the samples. I repeat this adds a feature that these are genuine molecular data sets that we analyzed, and well, that is basically what I wanted to present to you. But in conclusion, it also shows that a truly genomic data set was obtained, as it can be called up-to-date information, and well, this opens up the possibility for collaboration. Also, Jaime insisted on mentioning the openness of these data to be interrogated through formal requests from serious research institutions and groups that are interested in these data and to be open communication channels to analyze the data in additional ways. This is a characteristic of the scientific method, and this is all.
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